Library

Research Guides

Reference material on peptide identity, analytical testing, laboratory handling and research-use regulation. Written for laboratory readers; reviewed regularly.

Blends How multi-peptide research blends are composed and characterized. 2 guides Compound Profiles Identity, structure and analytical expectations for individual research peptides. 15 guides Lab Handling Storage, handling and preparation of lyophilized peptides in the laboratory. 4 guides Quality & Testing Analytical methods and how to read the documents that come with a lot. 7 guides Regulatory Literacy What research-use labeling means and how research materials are regulated. 3 guides Research Literacy How to read published research: study models, control groups and the limits of what a single result can show. 8 guides

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Regulatory Literacy

What "Research Use Only" Means

A plain-language explanation of the Research Use Only label: who these materials are for, what they are not, and why it matters for buyers and suppliers.

7 min read

Quality & Testing

How to Read a Peptide Analytical Report

A section-by-section walkthrough of a typical analytical report: lot number, identity by mass spectrometry, purity by HPLC, appearance and what each value tells you.

9 min read

All guides

BPC-157: A Compound Profile for the Lab Compound Profiles · 7 min read
A factual reference profile of BPC-157 for laboratory teams: chemical identity, sequence, physical form, storage and handling basics, what to check on the analytical report, and the formats we carry.
Carnosine: A Compound Profile for the Lab Compound Profiles · 4 min read
A factual reference profile of carnosine for laboratory teams: the dipeptide discovered in 1900, the enzyme that makes it, the serum enzyme that breaks it down, the chemical properties researchers study, and what to check when sourcing or handling it.
Chemistry Inside a Blend: How Components Can Interact Blends · 9 min read
A multi-peptide blend is more than two labels on one vial. This guide explains, from the published stability literature, how components can interact: metal-catalysed oxidation, thiol-disulfide exchange, shared degradation pathways in the dry and dissolved state, and why analysing a blend is harder than analysing a single peptide.
Cosmetic Signal Peptides: Reading the Argireline and KTTKS Literature Research Literacy · 5 min read
A reference for laboratory teams on two short cosmetic-ingredient peptides: acetyl hexapeptide-8 (marketed as Argireline) and the collagen-derived pentapeptide KTTKS. It covers nomenclature, how they were first described, what penetration and analytical studies measured, and why concentrations across papers differ.
Dihexa: Reading a Compound's Record When Related Papers Are Retracted Research Literacy · 5 min read
A literacy case study for laboratory teams: dihexa, a modified angiotensin IV-derived compound, has a thin primary literature in which a founding paper carries an expression of concern and two related papers from the same group were retracted in 2025. This guide shows how to trace and weigh such a record.
Dish, Mouse or Human? Reading the Model Behind a Peptide Study Research Literacy · 4 min read
A short guide to reading the model behind a peptide paper: cell culture, animal and human studies, why results from one model do not transfer to another, and what control groups are for.
DSIP: A Peptide Named for an Effect It Never Pinned Down Research Literacy · 4 min read
A reference profile of delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) for laboratory teams: the original 1977 isolation and sequence, why a name can promise more than the data show, the unrelated 77-residue protein later recognized by DSIP antibodies, and how to read the literature.
Epitalon: A Compound Profile for the Lab Compound Profiles · 5 min read
A factual reference profile of Epitalon (Epithalon, AEDG) for laboratory teams: what the tetrapeptide is, how its sequence relates to a pineal extract, how concentrated its research literature is in a few groups, identity data, storage and report checks.
GHK-Cu: A Compound Profile for the Lab Compound Profiles · 4 min read
A factual reference profile of GHK-Cu for laboratory teams: what the copper complex is, how the tripeptide was first identified, identity data, physical form, storage and what to confirm on the analytical report.
Glutathione: A Compound Profile for the Lab Compound Profiles · 5 min read
A factual reference profile of reduced glutathione (GSH) for laboratory teams: the unusual γ-linked tripeptide, how cells synthesize it, the GSH/GSSG redox couple, why oxidation during sample preparation is a documented analytical artifact, identity data, storage and report checks.
GMP, GLP and ISO/IEC 17025: What Quality Terms on a Lab Document Actually Mean Regulatory Literacy · 8 min read
GMP, GLP and ISO/IEC 17025 are often used as interchangeable badges of quality, but they cover different things. This guide explains, from the source documents, what each framework governs, what a certificate of analysis is expected to contain under GMP guidance, what accreditation means, and how to read these terms critically on a lab document.
How Stability Is Studied: Long-Term, Accelerated and Stress Testing (ICH Q1A/Q1B) Quality & Testing · 8 min read
An explainer on how chemical stability is formally studied, based on the ICH Q1A(R2) and Q1B guidelines: stress testing, long-term and accelerated storage conditions, time points, what a re-test period is, photostability exposure, and how to read a stability claim about a lyophilized peptide critically.
How to Read a Multi-Peptide Blend Label Blends · 6 min read
A practical guide to multi-peptide blend labels: how the mg ratio maps to each component, why every component needs its own identity check on the analytical report, how label amounts relate to stock-solution concentration, and how to store blends.
Humanin: A Compound Profile for the Lab Compound Profiles · 5 min read
A factual reference profile of humanin for laboratory teams: how a cDNA screen led to a 24-residue peptide, how it relates to other mitochondria-derived peptides, what cell studies have examined, and what to check when sourcing any research peptide of this kind.
Is the Test Method Fit for Purpose? Analytical Method Validation Basics (ICH Q2) Quality & Testing · 8 min read
A plain-language guide to analytical method validation for peptide testing, based on the ICH Q2(R2) guideline: what specificity, range, linearity, accuracy, precision, detection and quantitation limits, robustness and system suitability mean, and what questions to ask about the method behind a purity number.
Kisspeptin-10: A Compound Profile for the Lab Compound Profiles · 4 min read
A factual reference profile of kisspeptin-10 for laboratory teams: how a gene named for melanoma research turned out to encode a family of RF-amide peptides, how the receptor was renamed, what receptor-signaling studies have examined, and what to check when sourcing the fragment.
KPV: A Compound Profile for the Lab Compound Profiles · 5 min read
A factual reference profile of KPV for laboratory teams: where the tripeptide sits inside α-MSH, what cell and animal studies have examined, identity data, physical form, storage and what to confirm on the analytical report.
LL-37: A Compound Profile for the Lab Compound Profiles · 5 min read
A factual reference profile of LL-37 for laboratory teams: how the only human cathelicidin is processed into a 37-residue peptide, how the molecule was discovered in the 1990s, what in-vitro antimicrobial work has examined, and what to check when sourcing it.
MOTS-c: A Compound Profile for the Lab Compound Profiles · 4 min read
A factual reference profile of MOTS-c for laboratory teams: how a peptide came to be found inside mitochondrial DNA, what cell and mouse studies have examined, identity data, storage and what to confirm on the analytical report.
Peptide-Related Impurities, Explained Quality & Testing · 9 min read
What the small peaks on a peptide chromatogram are: deletion, insertion and truncated sequences, racemized and incompletely deprotected forms, aspartimide, oxidation and deamidation products, and how labs detect and limit them.
Purity Is Not Content: Net Peptide Content, Counter-Ions and Water Quality & Testing · 7 min read
Why a peptide that is 99% pure by HPLC is not 99% peptide by weight: how counter-ions such as trifluoroacetate and residual water make up part of the powder, how each is measured, and why the label mass is not the same as the peptide mass.
Reading a PubChem Compound Record: Identifiers, Synonyms and Pitfalls Research Literacy · 7 min read
PubChem is one of the most-used public chemistry databases, and its records are often cited for research peptides. This guide explains how PubChem is organised (Substance, Compound and BioAssay), what CIDs, SIDs and CAS Registry Numbers are, how structure standardisation works, why many peptides have no 3D conformer, and the common pitfalls when matching a record to a vial.
Reading a Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for a Research Peptide Regulatory Literacy · 8 min read
A section-by-section guide to the 16-part Safety Data Sheet (SDS) format used for laboratory chemicals, applied to research peptides: what each section must contain under the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard and the GHS, which sections matter most at the bench, and how to read 'not classified' and 'no data available'.
Record-Keeping for Peptide Research: Sample Logs, Labels and ALCOA+ Lab Handling · 9 min read
A lab guide to keeping traceable records for research peptide samples: what to log at receipt, how to label containers and aliquots, how to track a sample from vial to result, and how the ALCOA+ data-integrity principles described by WHO and the UK MHRA apply to an ordinary research notebook.
Semax and Selank: Two Heptapeptides, One Shared Tail Compound Profiles · 4 min read
A side-by-side reference for Semax and Selank: where each sequence comes from, the Pro-Gly-Pro extension they share, identity data for each, and what to confirm on the analytical report.
Small Studies, Big Claims: Sample Size, Statistical Power and Reporting Quality Research Literacy · 8 min read
Much of the peptide literature rests on small studies. This guide explains, from well-known methodology papers, what statistical power is, why low power both misses real effects and inflates the ones it finds, which features of a research field make findings less reliable, and how the ARRIVE 2.0 reporting guidelines help you judge an animal study.
SS-31 (Elamipretide): A Compound Profile for the Lab Compound Profiles · 5 min read
A factual reference profile of SS-31 (elamipretide) for laboratory teams: the Szeto-Schiller peptide class, how it interacts with mitochondrial membranes in biophysical and animal-model studies, identity data, storage and what to confirm on the analytical report.
TB-500 and Thymosin Beta-4: One Name, Two Molecules? Compound Profiles · 6 min read
A reference profile for laboratory teams on thymosin beta-4 and the name TB-500: the 43-residue protein, the short acetylated fragment that doping-control papers call TB-500, why the two are not interchangeable, and what to confirm on an analytical report.
The Label Is Not the Test: How a Lab Confirms What's in a Vial Quality & Testing · 7 min read
Why a country of origin, a brand or a label claim cannot tell you what is in a vial, how laboratories confirm identity and purity, and why every report belongs to exactly one lot.
Thymosin Alpha-1: A Compound Profile for the Lab Compound Profiles · 5 min read
A factual reference profile of thymosin alpha-1 for laboratory teams: how the 28-residue peptide was isolated and sequenced, how it is made, what dendritic-cell and animal studies have examined, identity data, storage and report checks.
Thymulin: A Compound Profile for the Lab Compound Profiles · 4 min read
A factual reference profile of thymulin for laboratory teams: the nine-residue thymic peptide formerly called serum thymic factor, why its activity depends on bound zinc, what NMR and antibody studies showed about the zinc complex, and why metal content belongs on its analytical report.
Weighing Peptide Powders: Moisture, Static and the Analytical Balance Lab Handling · 9 min read
A practical lab guide to weighing small amounts of lyophilized peptide powder on an analytical balance: why the readings drift, how humidity, static charge and temperature cause error, what minimum weight means, and how to record a weighing so it can be checked later.
What "Endotoxin" Means on a Lab Report Quality & Testing · 4 min read
A plain-language explanation of the endotoxin line on an analytical report: what endotoxins are, how the LAL test detects them, how results are expressed, and how to read the number against its limit.
What Peptide Names Mean: Decoding Research Peptide Names Research Literacy · 4 min read
A guide to how research peptide names are formed, from one-letter amino-acid codes and acronyms to lab codes, parent-molecule names and official nonproprietary name stems, and why a name never tells you what a compound does.
When a Paper Is Retracted: How to Check a Study Is Still Standing Research Literacy · 4 min read
A short guide to how the scientific record corrects itself: what a retraction and an expression of concern mean, a real example from the peptide literature, and how to check a paper's status on PubMed.
Why Research Peptides Ship as a Dry Powder (and Why Color Can Vary) Lab Handling · 4 min read
Why research peptides are supplied freeze-dried, what lyophilization does, how light and oxygen can change a powder's color, and what to check before using a vial.
What "Research Use Only" Means Regulatory Literacy · 7 min read
A plain-language explanation of the Research Use Only label: who these materials are for, what they are not, and why it matters for buyers and suppliers.
How to Read a Peptide Analytical Report Quality & Testing · 9 min read
A section-by-section walkthrough of a typical analytical report: lot number, identity by mass spectrometry, purity by HPLC, appearance and what each value tells you.
Storing Lyophilized Peptides in the Lab Lab Handling · 7 min read
Practical storage guidance for lyophilized research peptides: temperature, light, moisture, aliquoting and labeling to keep material consistent between experiments.